Efficient Solution of Third-Order ODEs with Diagonally Implicit RK Method Using Tri-Colored Tree and B-series Analysis
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study presents a pioneering approach to a new type of diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta-type (DIRKT) method developed specifically for solving third-order ODEs of this type. ѵ'''=f(ȶ,ѵ,ѵ'). These methods are called RKTG and are constructed using B series and Tri-colored tree theories to derive the required order conditions. We derive two methods: DRKTG4 and DRKTG5. The first achieves fourth-order accuracy in three stages, while the second reaches fifth order in four stages. Among other things, numerical experiments show these methods are accurate and efficient for solving these problems compared with existing Runge-Kutta methods, which posed these problems as first-order systems for testing.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
1. Panghal S, Kumar M. Optimization free neural network approach for solving ordinary and partial differential equations. Engineering with Computers. 2021;37(4):2989–3002. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00366-020-00985-1
2. Danish GA, Imran M, Fetecau C, Vieru D. First exact solutions for mixed boundary value problems concerning the motions of fluids with exponential dependence of viscosity on pressure. AIP Advances. 2020;10(6). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5145369
3. Datsko B, Kutniv M, Kunynets A, Włoch A. New explicit high‐order one‐step methods for singular initial value problems. Computational and Mathematical Methods. 2021;3(3):e1099. https://doi.org/10.1002/cmm4.1099
4. Ogunware BG, Aboların OE, Kuboye JO, Adeyefa EO. New efficient numerical model for solving second, third and fourth order ordinary differential equations directly. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2020;33(4):821–33. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1184941
5. AL-Rabahi ZAA, Hasan YQ. Numerical Solutions of Fourth-order Singular Boundary Value Problems by New Modified Adomian Decomposition Method. 2020.
6. Farooq U, Khan H, Tchier F, Hincal E, Baleanu D, Bin Jebreen H. New approximate analytical technique for the solution of time fractional fluid flow models. Advances in Difference Equations. 2021;2021:1–20. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13662-021-03240-z
7. Ali RN, Gaftan AM. The Stability Of Crank–Nicholson and Explicit Methods for Numerical Solution for Sine–Gordon Equation. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science. 2023;28(4). https://doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v28i4.1532
8. Khalaf KA, Khalaf BM. Techniques for Mixed Multiple Shooting for solve Stiff Initial Value Problems. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science. 2015;20(5):152–8. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v20i5.1251
9. Hairer E, Nørsett SP, Wanner G. Nonstiff problems: Springer; 1987. https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/titel/451015
10. Dormand JR. Numerical methods for differential equations: a computational approach: CRC press; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351075107
11. Lambert JD. Numerical methods for ordinary differential systems: the initial value problem: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1991. https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5555/129839
12. Kayode SJ. An Efficient Zero‐Stable Numerical Method for Fourth‐Order Differential Equations. International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences. 2008;2008(1):IJMM364021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/364021
13. Jimoh AK. Two-step hybrid block method for solving second order initial value problem of ordinary differential equations. Earthline Journal of Mathematical Sciences. 2024;14(5):1047–65. https://doi.org/10.34198/ejms.14524.10471065
14. Duromola M, Lawal R, Akinmoladun O. Numerical integration of linear hybrid multistep block method for third-order ordinary differential equations (IVPs). Scientific African. 2024:e02129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02129
15. Waeleh N, Majid Z, Ismail F. A New Algorithm for Solving. Applied Mathematical Sciences. 2011;5(56):2795–805.
16. Hamza Y, Hamisu M, Buhari A. A new fixed coefficient diagonally implicit block backward differentiation formula for solving stiff initial value problems. UMYU scientifica. 2024;3(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.2431.001
17. Fawzi FA, Globe HM, Ghawadri NG. Efficient Embedded Diagonal Implicit Runge-Kutta Method for Directly Solving Third Order ODEs. Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences. 2024;37(2):404–26. https://doi.org/10.30526/37.2.3409
18. Lee KC, Senu N, Ahmadian A, Ibrahim SNI. On two-derivative Runge–Kutta type methods for solving u‴= f (x, u (x)) with application to thin film flow problem. Symmetry. 2020;12(6):924. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12060924
19. Alshareeda FAF. Runge-Kutta type methods for solving third-order ordinary differential equations and first-order oscillatory problems: Ph. D. thesis), Universiti Putra Malaysia; 2017. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/70876
20. Fawzi FA, Globe HM. Diagonally Implicit Type RK Method for Direct Solution of Third Order Ordinary Differential Equations Using Relevant-Colored Tree and the Associated B-series Theory. Tikrit Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics. 2023;1(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjcsm.v1i1.3
21. Saleh OM, Fawzi FA. Direct Solution of General Fourth-Order Ordinary Differential EquationsUsing the Diagonally Implicit Runge-Kutta Method. Journal of Education for Pure Science. 2023;13(1):11–21. https://doi.org/10.32792/jeps.v13i1.249
22. Ghawadri N, Senu N, Adel Fawzi F, Ismail F, Ibrahim ZB. Explicit Integrator of Runge-Kutta Type for Direct Solution of u (4)= f (x, u, u′, u ″). Symmetry. 2019;11(2):246. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11020246
23. Jumaa MH, Fawzi FA. The Implementations of the Embedded Diagonally Implicit Type Runge-Kutta Method (EDITRKM) For Special Third Order of the Ordinary Differential Equations. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science. 2022;27(3):85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.27.2022.043
24. Hairer E, Wanner G. A theory for Nyström methods. Numerische Mathematik. 1975;25:383–400. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01396335
25. Chen Z, Qiu Z, Li J, You X. Two-derivative Runge-Kutta-Nyström methods for second-order ordinary differential equations. Numerical Algorithms. 2015;70:897–927. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11075-015-9979-4
26. Senu N, Suleiman M, Ismail F, Othman M. A new diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta-Nyström method for periodic IVPs. WSEAS Trans Math. 2010;9(9):679–88.
27. Butcher JC. Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations: John Wiley & Sons; 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119121534